The electrochemical cell was equipped with a common glass beaker. The electrochemical experiment was carried out using WPG potentiostats with Pt counter electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The components of the cell include a working electrode, an auxiliary or counter electrode, and a reference electrode all submerged in the electrolyte solution. In general, the core of the experimental setup used in electrochemical doping is a typical 3-electrode electrochemical cell. ![]() The graphene used in this study was synthesized by chemical vapour deposition (see ESI †), and the graphene film for the working electrode was prepared to carry out the electrochemical redox reaction in the electrolyte solution (Fig. The perchlorate nanoparticles adsorbed on graphene were used as the dopants in an electrolyte, which induces the band gap opening and the change in the electronic structure. Furthermore, the amounts of doping can be controlled by electric potential. Then, chlorine oxide (perchlorate) can easily combine with the unsaturated dangling bond in graphene during electrochemical doping. Among electrolytes, LiClO 4 is decomposed into Li + + ClO 4 − by applied bias. Herein, we report a band gap opening and p-type semiconducting property of graphene using electrochemical doping on the graphene surface. In general, the carbon atoms in the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or in graphene are sp 2 hybridized and they also have an unsaturated dangling bond, which can promise various surface modifications. 4 Even though the above mentioned result is close to adequate values for device applications, a more facile and precise control for the band gap tuning of the graphene is still desired to realize device applications. More recently, boron-doped graphene by reactive microwave plasma showed tunable band gap engineering up to 0.54 eV. For instance, defect generation, 2 molecular doping, 3,4 applied bias, 5–7 and nano ribbon, 8 have shown band gap opening in graphene. Recently, several researchers have tried to open a band gap in graphene by means of symmetry breaking, which induces a change in band structure. However, graphene is a semimetal with a linear energy-momentum dispersion relation 1 without a band gap. ![]() Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material, has attracted much attention due to its unique electrical and physical properties 1 which can promise a variety of fundamental research opportunities and applications. The temperature dependent conductivity of the p-type doped graphene at an applied potential of 1.5 V during the electrochemical doping process showed the band gap of 0.094 eV. The chlorine oxide doping to graphene was carried out in 0.1 M LiClO 4/acetonitrile solution. We report a band gap opening and p-type doping for single layer graphene by an electrochemical method.
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